hamilcar barca was black

Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (Punic: , omilqart Baraq; c.275228BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. For at a time when some say Hannibal was black and others that he was white, De Sousa tells us (and other ancient Iberian historians agree) that Hamilcar Barca had taken a Lusitanian woman as bride and had children by her. This led to the Second Punic War and Hannibal taking the army across the Alps into Italy. In the process, Hamilcar created a professional army of Iberians, Africans, Numidians and other mercenaries that Hasdrubal the Fair would inherit and Hannibal would later lead across the Alps to immortality. Territories During the Second Punic WarJavierfv1212 (CC BY-SA). "Death Date: 229. [65] Using tactics later made famous by Q. Fabius against Hannibal, Hamilcar's eldest son, the rebels shadowed Hamilcar's army, while moving south, harassing his soldiers and keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry. Finally, when the Carthaginian Senate was unable to decide between Hamilcar and Hanno, the people's assembly left it to the army to decide on their Commander in Chief, and Hamilcar Barca was elected to sole command. [31] He removed the population to Drepana. While harassing Roman troops with guerrilla tactics in western Sicily, Hamilcar staged a landing on the north coast, capturing Mount Ercte (probably Pellegrino near Palermo), which he held in the face of determined Roman attempts to dislodge him (247244). This page was last edited on 26 October 2022, at 21:30. Envoys were sent to Hamilcar demanding an explanation. Hamilcar had at least three daughters and at least three sons. OConnell, Robert L, The Ghosts of Cannae, pp80, Carey, Brian T, Cairns John, Allfree Joshua B, Hannibal's Last Battle, pp40, Prevas, John, Hannibal Crosses The Alps, pp41, Cottrell, Tony, Hannibal's campaigns, p18, Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 198, Oros. As a primarily mounted general in Evony, Hamilcar Barca has mounted buffs of 20% in total when all specialties are maxed out. If evidence in the urban structure of Castelo Branco and the city walls with their arches confirms its Carthaginian . By the winter of 238 BC, the Mercenary revolt was over. Shop paperbacks, eBooks, and more! According to one line of thought,[60] the Carthaginian army order of march had the War Elephants leading the column, with the light troops and cavalry behind the elephants. Hamilcar is the latinization of Hamlkas (Greek: ), the hellenized form of the common Semitic Phoenician-Carthaginian masculine given name MLK (Punic: )[1][2] or MLQRT (),[citation needed] meaning "Melqart's brother". He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. Long-time rivals Hamilcar and Hanno could not agree on the best strategy and eventually the army was permitted to choose which general should lead them. Hamilcar, upon taking command in the summer of 247 BC,[21] punished the rebellious mercenaries (who had revolted because of overdue payments) by murdering some of them at night and drowning the rest at sea,[22] and dismissing many to different parts of northern Africa. (The origins of Carthage go back to the city of Tabarka, present-day Tunisia). Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237BC, and for eight years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. The subsequent Mercenary War showed that Carthage was capable of further military effort. The Romans rejected these terms and appointed ten commissioners, led by Quantius Lutatius Cerco, brother of the consul and himself consul in 240 BC, to reexamine the conditions. The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. The rebels requested Rome to take over Sardinia, which was turned down. Carthage was hit by a series of disasters in 239 BC: her fleet and supply flotilla bringing supplies from Empoia was sunk in a storm, the mercenaries in Sardinia rebelled and the cities of Utica and Hippo Acra killed their Punic garrisons and defected to the rebels. Syracuse redoubled the volume of supplies sent to Carthage. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair.The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. found: The Encyclopedia Americana, c1992: p. 736 (Hamilcar Barca, d. 229 B.C. She apparently was from Lisbon. Hamilcar, on his own responsibility and without the consent of the Carthaginian government,[85] ferried the army across to Gades to start an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer . 116117, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p135-36, Lazenby, J.F, The First Punic War, p. 175. According to Polybius and Livy, Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca made the 9-year-old Hannibal dip his hand in blood and swear an oath of hatred against Rome. [122] By the power of his personal influence among the mercenaries and the surrounding African peoples, superior strategy and some luck, as well as cooperation, if unenthusiastic, from Hanno the Great, Hamilcar crushed the revolt by 237 BC amid a war marked with cruel atrocities from both sides.[123]. A growing number of professional military historians believe that Hannibal Barca was a dark skin ethnically mixed Numidian warrior. Jul 9, 2012. The daylight outside was beginning to strike on the folding shutters of black lattice-work. Port area of Boston. Carthage will ransom all Punic prisoners, while all Roman prisoners would be freed without payment of ransom. Hamilcar Barca: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary Carthaginian General Kindle Edition by Charles River Editors (Author) Format: Kindle Edition 5 ratings See all formats and editions Kindle $0.00 Read with Kindle Unlimited to also enjoy access to over 3 million more titles $3.99 to buy Paperback $8.99 1 Used from $10.20 4 New from $8.99 Hamilcar Barca. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca. Spendius rallied his forces, was reinforced by a detachment largely made of Gauls under Autaritus and shadowed Hamilcar as he advanced south east, keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry and harassing their enemy at every possible opportunity. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. World History Encyclopedia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. Amlcar Barca [1] (ca. Father of Hannibal. Carthage had beaten a Roman army in Africa, but Rome seemed able to replace their naval fleets at will. 'Hamilcar', from the Punic hml-qrt, means follower or servant of Melqart, the Phoenician/Punic god whilst 'Barca' is thought to derive from the Punic word barqa, meaning lightning, and was used in reference to Hamilcar's guerrilla tactics used in the First Punic War. The expelled mercenaries took refuge in Italy and again requested Rome to take over Sardinia. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. The relations between Carthage and the Iberian Peninsula have mainly been viewed from the perspective of military domination. Hanno and Hamilcar unleashed reprisals against the Numidian tribes that had sided with the rebels,[70] and the generals probably extended Carthaginian territory in Africa at the same time. The last condition is mentioned by Polybius in place of the one regarding not making war on Syracuse. Newest results. He is responsible for designing and . When this was done in an ancient-history classroom at the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. William C. McDermott responded: "Yes, Hannibal was as black as King David." The great Carthaginian was. However, the rebels regrouped, and observing lax discipline among the Punic troops, launched a surprise sortie and routed the Punic army while Hanno was absent,[52] driving the survivors to Utica and capturing all the baggage. Like ancient Carthage, Akre Leuca was not only a military center but also a culturally-advanced city in its time. They had long since had control of the old Phoenician colonies there, and it had already proven a rich source of silver. The Carthaginians will evacuate all Sicily. His third daughter married the Berber ally Naravas,[120] a Numidian chieftain whose defection had saved Hamilcar and his army during the mercenary war. After 15 years of fighting, there was still no end in sight to the Second Punic War. [112] It is possible that Hamilcar died battling the Vettoni, who lived across the Tagus west of Toledo and to the north of Turduli and northwest of Oretani territory. Worst personality award: Nero/Caligula Worst influence award: Honorius (Reasons already stated, I pretty much agree) He doomed the other half though. At this point, the Carthaginian senate reinstated Hanno and forced Hamilcar to share command. There was no other city like it. The Carthaginian army was caught in a pincer movement; Hamilcar pretended to retreat, and Spendius likely attempted to trap the outnumbered Carthaginians against the river with his two forces, pinning them with one and out-flanking them with the other. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. They had remained in power throughout the Mercenary War and had advocated Hanno's position over Hamilcar's more than once. But who reads Polybius (1.65-83) can see how he came to this act. [36] The better-trained Roman fleet[37] defeated a hastily raised, undermanned and ill-trained Punic fleet at battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, cutting Sicily off from Carthage. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Punic Wars by Bagnall, Nigel [Hardcover ], Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. [99] Iberian and Celtiberian tribes were not under any unified leadership at this time and were warlike, although some had absorbed varying degrees of Greek and Punic cultural influence. Hamilcar aimed to attack the small rebel band holding the bridge, but Spendius led the rebel force besieging Utica to confront Hamilcar. [1], The cognomen or epithet BRQ () means "thunderbolt" or "shining". 18 Jan 2023. This is the second and most important cause of the. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Hamilcar_Barca/. [55] Hamilcar observed that wind blowing from a certain direction uncovered a sandbar at the river mouth that was fordable and, under cover of night, the Punic army left Carthage and crossed the river. Still, without a significant force at his disposal (fewer than 20,000 men) and despite Polybius' praise that he was the best Carthaginian general of the war, Hamilcar's effect on the conflict was ultimately a limited one. The coin presented does not appear to favor the features of either. Hamilcar offered to allow all the rebels to depart freely with a single garment, but retained the right to detain 10 persons. They chose Hamilcar. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. The riches from these campaigns were channelled back to Carthage. Dr. Hamilcar Barcas (also called Hamical Balcus in some translations) is one of the primary antagonists of Guyver: The Bioboosted Armour. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). Hamilcar Barca is listed in the tavern under Others and costs 17,000,000 gold. All his family members were employed in the army and made major contributions to . (Barca meaning Thunderbolt) Who was Hannibal's father? All the black African looking coins have been carbon dated around the time that Hannibal was alive, but the Semitic looking coins are dated roughly a century or more after Hannibals death. Several office buildings, overlooking the harbor waters. Hannibal son of Hamilcar Barca was an African in the sense that he was born in Africa, but he was relative light-skinned, the same way that Tunisians are today. When Utica and Hippo Acra held out, Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms. Hannibal whose full name is Chenu Bechola Barca was an intelligent warrior of Carthaginian . The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. The following 13 files are in this category, out of 13 total. HAMILCAR BARCA, or Barcas (Heb. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia,[98] this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. Hamilcar offered the prisoners a choice to join his army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage. Hamilcar Barca (ca. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. Hamilcar, furious that Sicily had been given up too soon, while he had been undefeated,[77] could rely on support from this party. Entrusted with naval operations, he immediately set out to attack and ravage the coastline of Lucania and Bruttium. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Themes. Over the years I've covered thousands of miles and worn holes in even the best walking boots, putting one foot in front of the other to write walking features for this paper. The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. His grandson, Hanno, was an important commander in the army of his son Hannibal. Boston, Massachusetts, United States - April 20, 2013: Boston Harbor. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. After the trapped rebels ran out of food, pack animals and cavalry horses and finally resorted to cannibalism, Spendius, Autaritus and Zarzas, accompanied by seven others, went to Hamilcar's camp to seek terms. If he had lived in the United . Without a significant fleet and having lost their strategically important fortresses in Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, the Carthaginians, though, had to look elsewhere for a source of money to fund their armies. Hamilcar is a gladiator who fights for the ludus of Batiatus. [19] Hamilcar was in command of a mercenary army composed of multiple nationalities and his ability to successfully lead this force demonstrates his skill as field commander. Related Content General Hannibal Barca was a Black African, The Babylonian Captivity: The Influence of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the Jewish Exiles, The Domestic Roots of Ancient Alchemy: Womens Work and their Role in the Science of Alchemy, The Legend of Dido: How the Myth of Carthages Legendary Queen Evolved, The First Paper: The Papyrus of Ancient Egypt. Hamlicar bristled at the terms of the treaty, which obligated Carthage to pay Rome a huge indemnity and to surrender all land in Sicily. He held command (247-41) during the first Punic War and established Carthaginian influence in Spain (237-?228) As Carthage no longer had the resources for a large army, he could not face the enemy in an all-out battle, but he did manage to capture Eryx in 244 BCE, which became his new base. [25] On his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, just north of Palermo or Mt. i. p. 391; Auson. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. Hanno "The Great"[14] was in charge of operations in Africa since 248 BC and had conquered considerable territory by 241 BC. The name Hamilcar (PunicPhoenician mlqrt, brother of Melqart) was a common name for Carth After his father led Carthage in the First Punic War, Hannibal took over the leadership of Carthaginian forces against Rome. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. License. Hamirukaru Barukasu) (also: Hamical Balcus, Hamilcar Valkus) known as Barcas 'The Elder' (, Barukasu ), he is one of the main antagonists of Guyver: Bioboosted Armour and the co-founder of Chronos, the third eldest member of theCouncil of Twelve, as well as Chronos's most brilliant scientist. [106] Hamilcar now had the means to pay for his mercenary army and also to ship silver ore to Carthage to help pay off the war indemnity. The Book of War; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2008. The Carthaginian army would surrender their weapons and all Roman deserters immediately. World History Encyclopedia, 01 Jun 2016. Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. Byk komutan Hannibal'n babas. After the siege of Helice and betrayed by local allies, Hamilcar retreated and drowned while crossing a river in the winter of 229/228 BCE. Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. Carthaginians may have taken control of the mining operations and introduced new technologies to increase production. Roman consul Fundanius (243/2 BC) arrogantly replied that Hamilcar should request a truce to save his living and denied the request. The Undefeated army now created a unique problem for Carthage. [58] Hamilcar unleashed his trap as the disorderly rebels closed on his formation. Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair,[80] his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great,[81] as well as gain immunity from prosecution. In fact, when we were filing this paper's 'Bush Telegraph' column from safari camps all over . He was also fatherinlaw to Hasdrubal the Fair. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Apr 3, 2011. Their opponents probably had the support of people who had wanted to continue the war even after the defeat at Aegates Island. The rebel loss was 8,000 dead with 4,000 captured. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. Hasdrubal defeated the rebels, killing 8,000 and taking 2,000 prisoners before returning to Iberia. Rebel leaders feared mass desertions might result because of Hamilcar's policy towards prisoners. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. He fought a series of successful battles until he reached (but did not destroy) the city of Rome. ), pater Hannibalis, fuit vir publicus, dux Punicus, et conditor Barcidarum generis. 2 Although before his arrival the Carthaginians were faring badly by land, and sea, wherever he was present in person he never yielded . [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. This act would have an incredibly psychological impact on the surrounding Roman population in those days. The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. The cavalry and light infantry were in the middle, while the heavy infantry was posted furthest from the rebel army.[61]. It was the first chapter in the history of the Roman Empire. However, the Carthaginian authorities waited until the whole army had gathered at Carthage, probably by the summer of 241 BC. Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. Corrections? He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. However, the constant skirmishing without ultimate victory may have caused the morale of some of Hamilcar's troops to crack and 1,000 Celtic mercenaries tried to betray the Punic camp to the Romans, which was foiled. There is no clear record of the political activity in Carthage at this time. Their choice to minimize the Sicilian operations while Hamilcar was in command, reduce the navy and support Hanno the Great's conquests in Africa, all of which were causes for the ultimate defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. He made no attempt to join Hanno near Utica. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. The total investment volume is $500 million . Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (ca. Some of the surviving rebels fled towards Utica; others, after being driven from their camp near the bridge, fled to Tunis. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. [33] Hamilcar managed to inflict severe casualties on the Romans soon after, and when the Roman consul requested a truce to bury his dead, Hamilcar replied that his quarrel was with the living only and the dead had already settled their dues, and granted the truce.[34]. The Roman Republic was nearly bankrupt and had to borrow money from wealthy citizens to fund the construction of a fleet of 200 quinqueremes, which blockaded Carthaginian positions in Sicily in 242 BC by seizing the harbour of Drepana and anchorages at Lilybaeum, while Roman soldiers built siege works around Drepanum. Hamilcar Barca Conquers Iberia Hamilcar Barca had received much of the blame for causing the Truceless War, owing to the unrealistic promises he made to his troops while leading Carthaginian forces in Sicily. He fights with a sword and shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, or Samnite. 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